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27
The body of sponges does not possess tissue level of organisation though it is made of thousands of cells. Comment.
Explanation

The level of organisation in sponges is of cellular level. The cells in sponges do not organise to form tissue, although they possess thousands of independently associated cells. The cells may be solitary or colonial and function more or less independently. The cells show division of labour for performing specialised functions.

28
Structural organisation in animals attains different levels as cell-organ-organ system. What is missing in this chain? Mention the significance of such an organisation.
Explanation
Tissue is the missing in the chain. Structural organisation can be shown as cell-tissue-organ-organ system. Number of cells together form tissue, number of tissue together form organ which on when unit with several organ form organ-system. In organisms like Hydra, the body is comprised of thousands of cells in which each cell works independently whereas in a complex body system as that in humans billions of cells perform various functions together via connecting each other through connecting tissue.
29
Stratified epithelial cells have limited role in secretion. Justify their role in our skin.
Explanation
Stratified epithelium consists of epithelial cells in which the deepest layer is made up of columnar or cuboidal cells. It is a type of compound epithelium and outer few layers, a water proof protein called keratin is present. These layers of dead cells is called horny layer which is shed at intervals due to frictions hence, has a limited role in secretion and absorption. The main function of stratified epithelium is to provide protection to the body against mechanical and chemical stresses.
30
How does a gap junctions facilitate intercellular communication?
Explanation
Gap junctions facilitate intercellular communication by allowing small signaling molecules to pass from cell to cell. These are fine hydrophilic channels between two adjacent animal cells that are formed with the help of two protein cylinders called connexus. Each connexus consists of six proteins subunits that surround a hydrophilic channel. pH and $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ ion concentration controls, opening or closing of channels.
31
Why are blood, bone and cartilage called connective tissue?
Explanation
Connective tissue provides the structural framework and support to different organ forming tissue. Blood is a fluid or vascular connective tissue, which connects various organs and transports substances from one place to another. Bone is a solid, rigid and strong skeletal connective tissue, which support the body and help in locomotion. Cartilage is also a skeletal connective tissue, not as rigid bone but piable and resist comparission. It plays a role in support and protection and present in tip of nose, outer ear joints etc.