Respiration in insects is called direct because

Which of the following does not occur during breathing?

A person suffers punctures in his chest cavity in an accident, without any damage to the lungs its effect could be

It is known that exposure to carbon monoxide is harmful to animals because

Mark the true statement among the following with reference to normal breathing

A person breathes in some volume of air by forced inspiration after having a forced expiration. This quantity of air taken in is

Mark the incorrect statement in context to $\mathrm{O}_2$ binding to Hb

Mark the correct pair of muscles involved in the normal breathing in humans.

Incidence of emphysema a respiratory disorder is high in cigarette smokers. In such cases

Respiratory process is regulated by certain specialised centres in the brain. One of the following listed centres can reduce the inspiratory duration upon stimulation.

$\mathrm{CO}_2$ dissociates from carbamino haemoglobin when

In breathing movements, air volume can be estimated by

From the following relationships between respiratory volume and capacities, mark the correct option.

(i) Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = Tidal Volume + Residual Volume

(ii) Vital Capacity (VC) = Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).

(iii) Residual Volume (RV) = Vital Capacity (VC) - Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

(iv) Tidal Volume (TV) = Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve will show a right shift in case of

Match the following columns.

	Column I		Column II
A.	Earthworm	1.	Moist cuticle
B.	Aquatic arthropods	2.	Gills
C.	Fishes	3.	Lungs
D.	Birds/Reptiles	4.	Trachea

Define the following terms?

(a) Tidal volume

(b) Residual volume

(c) Asthma

A fluid filled double membranous layer surrounds the lungs. Name it and mention its important function.

Name the primary site of exchange of gases in our body?

Cigarette smoking causes emphysema. Give reason.

What is the amount of $0_2$ supplied to tissues through every 100 mL of oxygenated blood under normal physiological conditions?

A major percentage $(97 \%)$ of $O_2$ is transported by RBCs in the blood. How does the remaining percentage ( $3 \%$ ) of $\mathrm{O}_2$ transported?

Arrange the following terms based on their volumes in an ascending order.

(a) Tidal Volume (TV)

(b) Residual Volume (RV)

(c) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

(d) Expiratory Capacity (EC)

Complete the missing terms

(a) Inspiratory Capacity (IC) $=\ldots+$ IRV

(b) $\ldots=\mathrm{TV}+\mathrm{ERV}$

(c) Functional Residual Capacity $(F R C)=E R V+\ldots$

Name the organs of respiration in the following organisms.

(a) Flatworm .............

(b) Birds ............

(c) Frog ............

(d) Cockroach $\qquad$

Name the important parts involved in creating a pressure gradient between lungs and the atmosphere during normal respiration.

State the different modes of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ transport in blood.

Compared to $\mathrm{O}_2$, diffusion rate of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher. Explain.

For completion of respiration process, write the given steps in sequential manner.

(a) Diffusion of gases ( $\mathrm{O}_2$ and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ ) across alveolar membrane.

(b) Transport of gases by blood.

(c) Utilisation of $\mathrm{O}_2$ by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of $\mathrm{CO}_2$.

(d) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ rich alveolar air is released out.

(e) Diffusion of $\mathrm{O}_2$ and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ between blood and tissues.

Differentiate between

(a) Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

(b) Vital capacity and total lung capacity.

(c) Emphysema and occupational respiratory disorder.

Explain the transport of $\mathrm{O}_2$ and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ between alveoli and tissue with diagram.

Explain the mechanism of breathing with neat labelled sketches.

Explain the role of neural system in regulation of respiration.