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40
Both animals and plants grow. Why do we say that growth and differentiation in plants is open and not so in animals? Does this statement hold true for sponges also?
Explanation

Growth and differentiation in plant and animals can be explained as follows

Growth in Plants Growth in Animals
Plant growth is indeterminate, i.e., cells can divide and enlarge continuously for life time.
Animal growth is determinate i.e., till finite period, they mature and stop growing externally.
Growth is open due to presence of meristematic cells which keep dividing, i.e., growing and replacing new organs. Cell division is distributed through-out the body of organism to replace old and damaged cells, rather localised at specific regions.
Structure in plants at tips or meristematic zones is never complete, owing to open ended tips or apices. After a specific time period i.e., embryonic, the growth rate is reduced in juvenile phase and ceases in maturity.
Plant growth is in a modular fashion, i.e., grows longitudinally, laterally and in grith.

Sponges are exception to this. They show open growth as every cell of their body can give rise to an individual and their growth and differentiation is continuous is their life cycle.

41
Define parthenocarpy. Name the plant hormone used to induce parthenocarpy.
Explanation
Parthenocarpy is the process where fruit develop without fertilisation and so, it does not contain seed. This can also be induced artificially by spraying auxin and gibberellins in certain plants like, grapes, papaya, etc.
42
While eating watermelons, all of us wish it was seedless. As a plant physiologist can you suggest any method by which this can be achieved.
Explanation
The process of parthenocarpy produce the seedless fruits. This is a process in which fruits are developed without fertilisation, so, seeds are not formed in the fruit. Artificially parthenocarpy can be induced by spraying auxin and gibberellin to produce seedless watermelans.
43
A gardener finds some broad-leaved dicot weeds growing in his lawns. What can be done to get rid of the weeds efficiently?
Explanation
The broad leaved dicot weeds can be killed and eliminated by the spray of weedicide 2-4 D, (a kind of plant phytohormone auxin). This will make the lawn free of weeds and will help the gardener, to make the lawn weed free.
44

On germination a seed first produces shoots with leaves, flowers appear later,

A. Why do you think this happens?

B. How is this advantageous to the plant?

Explanation

A. As soon as seed germinates, the plant enters into vegetative growth period. This period takes light stimulus (a critical length of light exposed to different plant, i.e., photoperiod) and synthesise the florigen (a flowering hormone) which induce flowering.

B. The vegetative growth period prepares the plant to bear reproductive structures like flower, fruits and seeds, and allows it to grow, mature and reproduce.