Medicines are either man made (i.e., synthetic) or obtained from living organisms like plants, bacteria, animals, etc., and hence, the latter are called natural products. Sometimes, natural products are chemically altered by man to reduce toxicity or side effects. Write against each of the following whether they were initially obtained as a natural product or as a synthetic chemical.
(a) Penicillin (b) Sulphonamide (c) Vitamin-C (d) Growth hormone
(a) Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from fungi Penicillium and was initially used as a natural product.
(b) Sulphonamide is a synthetic chemical. It is an antimirobial agent is the basis of several groups of drugs.
(c) Vitamin-C or L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate is a natural product and an essential nutrient for humans. It is present in citrus fruits.
(d) Growth hormone (GH or HGH) also known as somatotropin or somatropin is a peptide hormone occurring naturally in the body. It stimulates growth.
Select an appropriate chemical bond among ester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide bond and hydrogen bond and write against each of the following.
(a) Polysaccharide (b) Protein (c) Fat (d) Water
(a) Polysaccharide is linked by glycosidic bond. Glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond joining simple or units carbohydrate molecules together to form a long chain polysaccharide.
(b) Protein are linked by peptide bonds. Peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acids when the carboxyl group of one reacts with the amino group of other causing release of water molecule. Hence, called as dehydration synthesis reaction (condensation reaction).
Peptide bonds between a chain of amino acids results in the formation of protein.
(c) Ester bonds are formed by the reaction between carboxyl group of fatty acid and hydroxyl group of triglycerols to form fat. Water is eliminated during this reaction.
(d) Hydrogen bond is electrovalent interaction between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a highly electronegative atom, such as $\mathrm{N}, \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{F}$, etc. Water is the best known example
