Algae
Some 70 species of marine algae are used for food, chemical and medicinal purpose.
| Medicine | Chemical | Food |
|---|---|---|
| Corollina-capable in curing worm infection Polysiphonia-Possess antibacterial property. |
Phycolloids It includes agar, carrageenin and funori. Alginic acid It is a phycocolloid obtained commercially from Laminaria, Macrocystis |
Porphyra (flower), Rhodymenia (pulse), Chondrus (Trishmoss). Rhodymenia (sheep's weed) is also used as fodder |
| Carrageenan is an coagulant. | Laminaria, Alariam Macrocystis, Sargassum are used as food in many countries. | |
| Sodium laminarin sulphate act as a anticoagulant. Ascophyllum and Laminaria bears antibiotic properties. Durvillea has vermifuge properties. Antibiotics can be extracted from Chlorella and Caulerpa. |
Nerocystis, Fucus, Sargassum, etc. It is used as salts in obtaining emulsions (ice-creams, ointments, toothpasts, cosmetics, creams, etc) Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus play an important role in sewage oxidation. |
The edible brown algae are used as fodder. Ulva, Caulerpa, Enteromorpha, Chlorella can yield food rich in lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. |
Fungi
The role of fungi was established in early history yeast have been used in making of bread and alcohol since, the beginning of cultivation the discovery of penicillin, that marked the beginning of a new approach to microbial diseases in human health. More recent approaches include the application of hydrophins to surfaces leading to biocompatibility of implants and to emulsion formation improving drug delivery. Products of fungi in medicine, chemical and food are
| Medicine | Chemical | Food |
|---|---|---|
| Penicillin (Penicillium notatum and $P$. chyrso genum), glyotoxin. | Aspergillus niger |
Fermentation-Aspergillus orgzae yeast-Saccharomyces roxii |
| chitrinine (Trichoderma sp.) (Penicillium citrinine). | A wentil and Mucor in production of citric acid. | Cheese production- by Penicillium comemberti and Penicillium roqueforti |
| Baccatin-A (Gibberella baccater) Ergotine (Claviceps purpurea), clavicin (Aspergillus clovertus Flavin (A. flavous and A. fumigattes). |
Aspergillus niger and $P$. purpurogenum in production of (gluconic acid). P. glacum and A. gallomyces forms (gallic acid) |
Colour of foods - by Monoasus purpureus |
Peat is an organic fuel consisting of spongy material formed by the partial decomposition of organic matter, primarily plant material in wetlands such as swamps ferns and mosses. The development of peat is favoured by warm, moist climatic conditions.
The main producers of peat Sphagnum most occurs in bogs. The accumulation of Sphagnum plant in due course of time lead this plant to get hardened and change into peat.
Peat is used in preparation of ethyl alcohol, peat, tar, ammonia, paraffin, etc. Peat is also used in covering the roots during transportation. This enormous value shown by peat for man kind makes it as an important domestic fuel and economic source for man kind.
Classification has been a centre piece of biology ever since Linnaeus, providing a frame work on which existing knowledge can be organised and predictions about unknown traits can be made.
But the basis of biological classification has gone through a series of upheavals over the last 3 centuries, from being considered a plan in mind of the creator, to the neutral assessment of over all similarity, to a reflection of evolutionary niches and finally to a phylogenetic mapping of the tree of life. e.g., in two kingdom classification their are two groups, i.e., Plantae and Animalia.
These groups are made on the basis of structural and cellular difference like plant possess cell wall, central vacuole, whereas animals lack cell wall and central vacuole but the drawback in this system classification is that eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms like Euglena, bacteria and fungi are not included in this kingdom classification.
That are later added in three kingdom classification that in (kingdom-Protista) finally 1969, Whittaker purposed five kingdom classification.
These classifications are done on the basis of increase in understanding regarding organism by the advancements made in scientific techniques and by observing minute detailing that has led this classification more detailed and scientifically correct.