Differentiate between
(a) Open circulatory system and closed circulatary system.
(b) Oviparous and viviparous characteristic .
(c) Direct development and Indirect development.
Differentiation between these are as below
| (a) | Open Circulatory System | Closed Circulatory System |
|---|---|---|
| In this type of circulation, blood flows in spaces called sinuses and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it. e.g., arthropods (grasshopper, cockroach), gastropods (snail). |
In this type of circulation, blood is circulated via a series of vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). e.g., annelids (earthworm) and vertebrates (birds, primates etc). |
|
| (b) | Oviparous characteristics Animals | Viviparous Characteristic Animals |
| Oviparity is expulsion of undeveloped eggs rather than live young ones Animals that lay eggs. are called oviparous. e.g., fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, in sects and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). |
Viviparity is retention and growth of fertilised egg within the material body until the young one is capable of independent existence. Animals which give birth to their young ones and are called viviparous animals. e.g., mammals. |
|
| (c) | Direct Development | Indirect Development |
| Direct development is the type of development in which there is no larval/nymphal or other intermediate stages in life, cycle between the egg (or birth) and the adult (e.g., mammals) | Indirect development is mostly observed in lower animals. The adult individuals lay eggs, which develop passing into the adult after passing through few to several larval nymphal stages. (e.g., echinoderms, arthropods) |
Body symmetry is the similarity of body parts in different region and directions of the body plan.
In radial symmetry, body of an individual can be divided into equal halves by any plans passing through the longitudinal axis. (e.g., Coelentrates, Ctenophores, Echinoderms.
In bilateral symmetry, body can be divided into two equal halves when the plane passes through the median longitudnal or saggital axis. (e.g., Annelids, Arthropods)
(a) Two chambered heart is present in organisms like fishes. Only one atria and one ventricle is present which are not separated and hence mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood blood occurs.
(b) Three chambered heart develops after the division of auricle into right and left halves as in amphibian. Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs in ventricles.
(c) An intermidiary heart is present in reptiles in which ventricle get partially divided through a septum which is incomplete. e.g., Crocodiles, thus having four-chambered heart.
(d) In four chambered heart both the auricle and ventricle are divided into two halves and thus no mixing of oxgyenated and deoxygenated blood occurs. e.g., birds and mammals.
Fill up the blank spaces appropriately
| Phylum/Class | Excretory Organ | Circulatory Organ | Respiratory Organ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropoda | Lungs/Gills/Tracheal System | ||
| Nephridia | Closed | Skin/Parapodia | |
| Metanephridia | Open | ||
| Amphibia | Closed | Lung |
Excretion involves the elimination of metabolic waste products from the animal body.
Different organs are involved in the process of excretion in different animals.
(a) In Arthropods, the Malpighian tubules remove excretory products from haemolymph.
(b) In Annelids, the excretory organ occurs as segmentally arranged coiled tubules called nephridia
(c) In Molluscas, excretion occurs by paired structures called organ of Bojanus also called metanephridia.
(d) In Amphibians mesonephric kidneys are associated with excretion.
Blood circulation involves the circulation of blood and lymph along with oxygen, carbondioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc, within the body system for the nourishment of cells, fighting diseases, and for stabilising body temperature and pH .
| Open Circulation | Closed Circulation |
|---|---|
| In this, blood is pumped out of the heart into sinuses which directly open into cells and tissues, e.g., phylum-Arthropoda, and Mollusca. | In this system, blood is circulated through a series of complexly arranged vessels and capillaries e.g., phylum-Annelida and Class-Amphibia. |
Respiratory organs are involved in the exchange of gases from the atmosphere. Different respiratory organs are as follows
(a) Lungs/gills/tracheal system in arthropoda and molluscs.
(b) Skin in annelids.
(c) Lungs and skin in amphibians.
Match the following
| A. | Amphibia | (i) | Air bladder |
|---|---|---|---|
| B. | Mammals | (ii) | Cartilaginous notochord |
| C. | Chondrichthyes | (iii) | Mammary glands |
| D. | Osteichthyes | (iv) | Pneumatic bones |
| E. | Cyclostomata | (v) | Dual habitat |
| F. | Aves | (vi) | Sucking and circular mouth with out jaws. |
A. $\rightarrow$ (v) B. $\rightarrow$ (iii) C. $\rightarrow$ (ii) D. $\rightarrow$ (i) E. $\rightarrow$ (vi) F. $\rightarrow$ (iv)
A. Amphibians possess dual habitat, i.e., they are found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitat. Their larva is completely aquatic and adult lives in terrestrial as well as in aquatic habitat
B. Mammals have mammary glands which produce milk and feed their young ones. The mammary glands are enlarged exocrine modified sweat glands functional in female mammals.
C. Chondrichthyes have the cartilaginous rod (notochord) in the young stage which is gradually replaced by cartilage.
D. Osteichthyes have air bladder which is a vesicle or sac containing air,
E. Cyclostomes possess sucking and circular mouth without jaws which is surrounded by tentacles and the tongue bears teeth. e.g., lamprey and nagfish.
F. Aves have light weighted bones with internal spaces filled with air called pneumatic bones and aerodynamic lungs with specialised air sacs. These are the adaptations which enable birds to fly.