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29
If one debarks a tree, what parts of the plant is being removed?
Explanation
Debark means the removal of bark, i.e., all tissue exterior to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem. Bark refers to a number of tissue types, viz., periderm (phellogen, phellem and phelloderm) and secondary phloem.
30

The cross-section of a plant material showed the following features when viewed under the microscope.

(a) The vascular bundles were radially arranged.

(b) Four xylem strands with exarch condition of protoxylem. To which organ should it be assigned?

Explanation
Root is the organ which shows the features given in the question. Vascular bundles are present on separate radii thus called radial arrangement. Protoxylem is towards periphery of root thus making exarch condition.
31
What do hardwood and softwood stand for?
Explanation

Distinguish between softwood and hardwood is as

Softwood Hardwood
Gymnospermic wood is soft wood
It chiefly contains trachieds
Vessels are absent.
Angiospermic wood is hard wood It chiefly contain both trachieds and vessels Trachieds are absent.

32
While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like structures get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures called?
Explanation

The pulpy part of fruit of peach and pear, the stone cells are present, which are an sclerenchymatous cells and which are dead in nature. Their function is to give mechanical support to the soft tissue.

33
What is the commercial source of cork? How is it formed in the plant?
Explanation
The commerical cork is obtained from the cork tissue of Quercus suber, which yields bottle cork. Cork is formed by cork cambium or phellogen cell. Cork cambium cells divide periclinally, cutting cells towards the inside and outside. The cells cut off twowards the outside become suberised and dead. These are compactly packed in radial rows without intercellullar spaces and form cork of phellem. Cork is impervious to water due to suberin and provides protection to the underlying tissues.