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30
What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside? Give two examples of each with their structure.
Explanation

Difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside is as follows

Nucleoside Nucleotide
Nucleoside is a compound formed by the union of the nitrogenous base with a pentose sugar Nucleotide is compound formed by union of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar and phosphae.
It is slightly basic in nature A nucleotide is acidic in nature
It is a component of nucleotide and forms with both ribose and deoxyribose sugars. Nucleotide is formed through phosphorylation of nucleoside
e.g., cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine.
e.g., AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP, dTMP
(deoxythymidine monophosphate)

31
Describe various forms of lipid with a few examples.
Explanation

Lipids are the esters of higher fatty acid with alcohol, such as glycerol, etc.

These can be classified as

1. Simple Lipids are esters of fatty acids with alcohol. These may be

(i) Fats These are esters of higher fatty acids with glycerol (triglycerides).

(ii) Waxes These are esters of higher fatty acids with alcohol other than glycerol.

2. Compound or conjugated lipids, are those compounds which contain simple lipids and prosthetic (other additional) group. They include

(i) Glycerophospholipids, also known as phospholipids in which one of the fatty acid is replaced by phosphoric acid which is linked to nitrogenous groups like choline, ethanolamine, serine etc, e.g., Lecithin and cephalin, etc.

(ii) Sphingo lipids, are lipides having phosphoric acid with amine alcohol 4-sphinganine or sphingosine instead of glycerol in addition to fatty acid and choline.

(iii) Glycolipids, i.e., those which contain spinganine with a fatty acid and a monosaccharide sugar, e.g., cerebrosides and gangliosides.

3. Steroids are compounds with different chemical nature but similar physical properties. Their structure is based upon a 4 ring cyclopentenoperhydro phenanthrene, e.g., cholesterol.

4. Prostoglandins are derivatives of arachidonic acid and contain 20 C -atoms. These are biologically active lipids.