Prosthetic groups are organic compounds that are tightly bound to the apoenzyme, (an enzyme without cofaetor) by covalent or non-covalent forces, e.g., in peroxidase and catalase, which catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, haeme is the prosthetic group and it is a part of the active site of the enzyme.
Co-factor is small, heat stable and non-protein part of conjugate enzyme. It may be inorganic or organic in nature.
Co-factors when loosely bound to a enzyme is called coenzyme and when tightly bound to apoenzyme is called prosthetic group.
In both the amino acids the common substituent groups are $\mathrm{NH}_2 \mathrm{COOH}$ and H .
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin are polysaccharides found among the following. Choose the one appropriate and write against each.
Cotton fibre ...............
Exoskeleton of cockroach ..............
Liver ...............
Peeled potato ..............
(a) Cotton fibre-Cellulose
(b) Exoskeleton of cockroach - Chitin
(c) Liver-Glycogen
(d) Peeled potato - Starch
Cellulose is a long chain of linked glucose molecules and is the main component of plant cell walls. Cotton is the purest natural form of cellulose. the cellulose content of cotton fibre is $90 \%$.
Chitin is a long chain polymer that forms the hard part of the outer integument or exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects such as cockroach. It is also the main component of the cell walls of fungi.
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose acting as a form of stored energy in the liver of animals. It is also found in some stored fungi.
Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of along chain of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced mostly by green plants for energy storage, e.g., peeled potato.
Enzymes are proteins. Proteins are long chains of amino acids linked to each other by peptide bonds. Amino acids have many functional groups in their structure.
These functional groups are many of them at least, ionisable. As they are weak acids and bases in chemical nature, this ionisation is influenced by pH of the solution. For many enzymes, activity is influenced by surrounding pH . This is depicted in the curve below, explain briefly.
Enzymes, generally function in a narrow range of pH . Most of the enzyme shows their highest activity at a particular pH called optimum pH , and it declines below and above this value.
Extremely high or low pH values generally results in complete loss of activity for most enzyms. The graph above represents the maximum enzyme activity at the optimum pH .
Rubber (cis 1, 4-polyisopyrene) is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are chemicals produced by plants for which no role has been found yet in growth, photosynthess, reproduction or other primary functions.
(i) Rubber is extracted from Havea brasiliensis (rubber tree).
(ii) It is a byproduct of the lactiferous tissue of the vessels that are in the form of latex.
(iii) It is the largest of the terpenoids because it contains over 400 isoprene units.
(iv) It is elastic, water proof and a good electrical conductor.