How do we compute the age of a fossil?
The age of a fossil can be computed by radioactive dating (also called radiometric dating). It is a technique based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates. Among the best known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating and uranium lead dating.
What is the most important pre-condition for adaptive radiation?
Conditions promoting adaptive radiation are much of the diversity of life originated through episodes of adaptive radiation during periods when ecological space became available for diversification. There are two primary mechanisms through which ecological space can become available.
(i) intrinsic changes in organisms.
(ii) extrinsic effects, including environmental change and colonisation of isolated landmasses.
How do we compute the age of a rock?
The age of a rock in years is called its absolute age. It is determined by the natural radioactive decay of certain elements, e.g., uranium, when decays turns into lead. The parent atoms of uranium are converted into daughter atoms of lead over a fixed interval of time. This interval is the decay constant.
The ratio of parent-daughter atoms changes in a quantity that can be measured.
The radioactive half-life (the amount of time required for one half of the parent atoms to beonverted to daughter atoms) is used to calculate the age of the rock.
When we talk of functional macromolecules (e.g., proteins as enzymes, hormones, receptors, antibodies etc), towards what are they evolving?
Functional macromolecules are evolving towards creation of a complex organism. There are various evidences that are common to simple and complex forms of lite indicate common ancestry, e.g., histones protein tend to be well preserved among all eukaryotes, from amoebas to blue whale or to humans, with only one or two amino acids different.
The genetic code is nearly identical for all known life forms, from bacteria to archaea or animals and plants.
In a certain population, the frequency of three genotypes is as follows
$$ \begin{array}{llll} \text { Genotypes } & \text { BB } & \text { Bb } & \text { bb } \\ \text { Frequency } & 22 \% & 62 \% & 16 \% \end{array} $$$$ \text { What is the likely frequency of } B \text { and } b \text { alleles? } $$
$$ \begin{aligned} \text { The likely frequency of } B & =B B+1 / 2 B b \\ & =\left[22+\frac{62}{2}\right] \% \\ & =53 \% \\ \text { The likely frequency of } b & =b b+1 / 2 B b \\ & =\left[16+\frac{62}{2}\right] \% \\ & =47 \% \end{aligned} $$