Describe the term D- and L-configuration used for amino acids with examples.
All naturally occurring $\alpha$-amino acids (except glycine) are optically active due to the presence of chiral carbon atom. These have either $D$ - or L-configuration. $D$-form means that, the amino $\left(-\mathrm{NH}_2\right)$ group is present towards the right hand side. $L$-form shows the presence of $-\mathrm{NH}_2$ group on the left hand side.
How will you distinguish $1^{\circ}$ and $2^{\circ}$ hydroxyl groups present in glucose? Explain with reactions.
$1^{\circ}$ and $2^{\circ}$ hydroxyl groups present in glucose can be identified by the reaction of glucose with nitric acid. Primary OH group present in glucose are easily oxidise to $-$COOH group while secondary OH group does not.
Hence, one OH is primary OH group.
Coagulation of egg white on boiling is an example of denaturation of protein. Explain it in terms of structural changes.
Denaturation of proteins Protein present in egg white has an unique three dimensional structure. When it is subjected to physical change like change in temperature. i.e., on boiling, coagulation of egg white occurs due to denaturation of protein. During denaturation hydrogen bonds are disturbed due to this globules unfold and helix gets uncoiled and protein looses its biological activity.
Match the vitamins given in Column I with the deficiency disease they cause given in Column II.
| Column I (Vitamins) |
Column II (Diseases) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Vitamin A | 1. | Pernicious anaemia |
| B. | Vitamin B$_1$ | 2. | Increased blood clotting time |
| C. | Vitamin B$_{12}$ | 3. | Xerophthalmia |
| D. | Vitamin C | 4. | Rickets |
| E. | Vitamin D | 5. | Muscular weakness |
| F. | Vitamin E | 6. | Night blindness |
| G. | Vitamin K | 7. | Beri-beri |
| 8. | Bleeding gums | ||
| 9. | Osteomalacia |
A. $\rightarrow(3,6)$ B. $\rightarrow$ (7) C. $\rightarrow$ (1) D. $\rightarrow$ (8) E. $\rightarrow(4,9) \quad$ F. $\rightarrow(5)$ G. $\rightarrow$ (2)
| Column I (Vitamins) |
Column II (Diseases) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Vitamin A | 1. | Xerophthalmia Night blindness |
| B. | Vitamin B$_1$ | 2. | Beri Beri |
| C. | Vitamin B$_{12}$ | 3. | Pernicious anaemia |
| D. | Vitamin C | 4. | Bleeding gums |
| E. | Vitamin D | 5. | Rickets Osteomalacia |
| F. | Vitamin E | 6. | Muscular weakness |
| G. | Vitamin K | 7. | Increased blood clotting time |
Match the following enzymes given in Column I with the reactions they catalyse given in Column II.
| Column I (Enzymes) |
Column II (Reactions) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Invertase | 1. | Decomposition of urea into NH$_3$ and CO$_2$. |
| B. | Maltase | 2. | Conversion of glucose into ethyl alcohol. |
| C. | Pepsin | 3. | Hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. |
| D. | Urease | 4. | Hydrolysis of cane sugar. |
| E. | Zymase | 5. | Hydrolysis of proteins into peptides. |
A. $\rightarrow$ (4) B. $\rightarrow$ (3) C. $\rightarrow$ (5) D. $\rightarrow$ (1) E. $\rightarrow$ (2)
| Column I (Enzymes) |
Column II (Reactions) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Invertase | 1. | Hydrolysis of cane sugar. |
| B. | Maltase | 2. | Hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. |
| C. | Pepsin | 3. | Hydrolysis of protein into peptides. |
| D. | Urease | 4. | Decomposition of urea into NH$_3$ and CO$_2$ |
| E. | Zymase | 5. | Conversion of glucose into ethyl alcohol. |