$$ \text { Represent schematically the life-cycle of a malarial parasite. } $$
$$ \text { The life-cycle of a malarial parasite } $$
Compare the life style of people living in the urban areas with those of rural areas and briefly describe how the life style affects their health.
People think that the city life is better than village life. However, there are so many advantages as well as disadvantages of urban life and rural life
Advantages of Urban (city) Life
The city life is more comfortable as there are lot of facilities in the city. There are more opportunities for people to progress their lives and they have more opportunities for making money.
Children living in the city can get a good education, in the town than in the village. When a person falls ill, there are good government and private hospital in the city to get treatment. There are large shopping complexes, banks, offices, cinemas, clubs, hospitals, etc., in and around the city for recreations.
People in the city have better transport facilities than the village. There is electricity, highway, communication, telecommunication, plumb facilities in the city. So, people can lead a comfortable and enjoyable life in the city.
Disadvantages of Urban (city) Life
Although living in the city has many advantages there are some disadvantages too. The cost of living is very high in the city. Goods are expensive, no fresh air and pure water is present. The environment is polluted with dust, smoke, garbage and gases from factories.
Most of the people who live in the city are corrupted, so there are lots of crimes in the city. Many thefts and murders often take place in the city.
The city is always busy and noisy. There are a lot of vehicles and people in the road. The streets are dusty and unclean. So, it is hard to lead a healthy life in the city.
Advantages of Rural (village) Life
The people of the village live in unity and peace. The villagers earn money enough for live. very hardly. So, they live in less competition with each other. They have more friends in the community.
The village people always try to protect their traditional habits and culture. The village has clean air and the environment is very beautiful. The village has less noise and rush. So, the pollution is less.
The village do not have lot of vehicles. So, roads are less dangerous for driving or cycling. They can get fresh vegetables and fresh fruits. The environment of the village is pleasant and silent and it has scenic beauty.
Disadvantages of Rural (village) Life
People living in rural area have to face many problems like lack of good education, proper medical facilities, transportation, electricity, telecommunication, etc.
Life style affects human health and cause many diseases due to specific food habits, work related posture or exposure to harmful radiation or substances, lack of physical exercise, mental stress, etc. Some life style diseases are cancer, alcoholism, heart diseases, etc.
$$ \text { Why do some adolescents start taking drugs. How can this be avoided? } $$
The reasons why adolescents and youngsters starts consumption of drugs are
(i) Curiosity of child motivates him/her to do experiment.
(ii) For adventure and excitement.
(iii) Peer group pressure.
(iv) Desire to do more physical and mental work.
(v) To overcome frustration and depression, due to failure in examinations or in other activities.
(vi) Unstable or unsupportive family structures.
The following measures can be taken to avoid drug abuses
(i) Avoid undue pressure on child to perform beyond his/her capability in studies, sports or any other activities.
(ii) Education and counselling are very important to face problem of stress and failure in life.
(iii) Seeking help from parents, elders and peers. This would help the young to share their feelings and concern.
(iv) Looking for danger signs and taking appropriate measures to treat them.
(v) Seeking professional and medical help for de-addiction and rehabilation.
In your locality, if a person is addicted to alcohol, what kind of behavioural changes do you observe in that person? Suggest measures to over come the problem.
If a person is addicted to alcohol, it will give rise to some behavioural changes in that person. Alcoholic drinks are costly and most drinkers, because of their selfish habits, deprive their children and other members of the family of the basic needs.
The drinking of alcohol is invariably associated with social crimes and dissolution of moral and cultural inhibitions. Violence and other corrupt practices in the community are often directly or indirectly due to the consumption of alcohol.
Measures that should be taken to overcome the above mentioned problem are
(i) Avoid Undue Peer Pressure Every person has his/her own choice and personality, which should be kept in mind. So he/she should not be pressed unduly to do beyond his/her capacities, in work condition and other in social get together or activities.
(ii) Education and Counselling Helps to overcome the problems, like stresses, disappointments and failure in life. One should utilise a himself/herself energy in some beneficial activities like sports, music, reading, yoga and other extra curricular activities.
(iii) Seeking Help from Parents and Peers In case of minors, whenever, there is any problem, one should seek help and a guidance from parents and peers. Help should be taken from close and trusted friends. This would help young to share their feelings of anxiety and wrong doings.
iv) Looking for Danger Sings If friends find someone using drugs or alcohol, they should bring this to the notice of parents or teacher so that appropriate measures can be taken to diagnose the illness and the causes. This would help in taking proper remedial steps or treatment.
(v) Seeking Professional and Medical Helps Highly qualified psychologists, psychiatrists and de-addiction and rehabilitation programmes can help individuals who are suffering from drug/alcohol abuse.
If such help is provided to the affected persons, with sufficient efforts and will power, the patient could be completely cured and lead normal and healthy life.
What are the methods of cancer detection? Describe the common approaches for treatment of cancer.
Early detection of cancer is essential. The methods of cancer detection and diagnosis are as follows.
(i) Biopsy and histo-pathological studies of the tissue/ blood/ bone marrow.
(ii) Tests for increased cell counts (in the case of leukaemia blood cancer).
(iii) Techniques like radiography (use of X-rays), CT (computed tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to detect cancers of the internal organs.
(iv) Detection of cancer specific antigens.
(v) Molecular biology techniques to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers.
The common approaches for treatment of cancer
(i) Surgical removal of tumour.
(ii) Irradiation of tissue to kill cancerous cells.
(iii) Immunotherapy using interferon to boost cancer cell killing.