The immune system of a person is suppressed. In the ELISA test, was found positive to a pathogen.
(a) Name the diseases the patient is suffering from.
(b) What is the causative organisms?
(c) Which cells of body are affected by the pathogen?
The immune system of a person is suppressed. In the ELISA test, he was found positive to a pathogen.
(a) The patient is suffering from AIDS.
(b) AIDS is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV). It is a retro virus containing RNA as genetic material.
(c) Macrophages and helper T-cells are affected by the pathogen.
$$ \text { Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each other? } $$
Both type of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system are produced in the bone marrow.
$B$ and $T$-cells are different from each other in the following aspects
| B-lymphocytes (B-cell) | T-lymphocytes (T-cell) |
|---|---|
| They mature in bone marrow. | They mature in thymus gland. |
| They produce antibody against antigen. | They directly attack the antigen or attach B-cells to produce antibody. |
| They do not respond to organ transplantation. | They respond to organ transplantation. |
| High fever, weakness stomach pain, loss of appetite and constipation | Typhoid |
Given below are the pairs of pathogens and the diseases caused by them. Which out of these is not a matching pair and why?
| (a) | Virus | Common cold |
|---|---|---|
| (b) | Salmonella | Typhoid |
| (c) | Microsporium | Filariasis |
| (d) | Plasmodium | Malaria |
Wuchereria species bancrofti and $W$ malayi), the filarial worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease is called elephantiasis or filariasis.
Fungi belonging to the genera Microsporium, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ringworms which is one of the most common infectious diseases in man.
If thymus gland is removed from the body of a person, his immune system will become weak. As a result the person's body becomes prone to infectious diseases.
Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. What are the preventive barriers to protect the body from such pathogens? What type of immunity do you observe in this case?
Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food.
The preventive barriers to protect the body from such pathogens are as follows
(i) the mucus coating of the epithelium lining of the gut helps in trapping microbes entering the body.
(ii) saliva in the mouth and hydrochloric acid in gastric juice secreted by stomach prevent microbial growth.
This type of immunity is innate immunity. It is present from birth and is inherited from parents. The innate immunity remains throughout life.