Give any two examples of xerarch succession.
Xerarch succession of ecological communities originates in extremely dry conditions such as sand deserts and rock deserts (as there is no water and the substratum does not absorb rain water).
Define self sustainability
Self sustainability is the maintenance of an ecosystem itself or naturally. i.e., A system that maintain itself by its own independent efforts is a self-sustainable ecosystem.
Given below is a figure of an ecosystem. Answer the following questions?
(i) What type of ecosystem is shown in the figure?
(ii) Name any plant that is characteristic of such ecosystem.
(i) It is a tropical deciduous forest ecosystem.
(ii) In India this type of forest ecosystem is characterised by Tectona, Dipterocarpus Jamun, Amla, Palas, mahua and Semul plants.
What is common to earthworm, mushroom, soil mites and dung beetle in an ecosystem.
They all are designated as primary consumer in a detritus food chain and are termed as detritivores.
Organisms at a higher trophic level have less energy available. Comment.
Energy flow in the ecosystem follows the 10\% energy flow law, proposed by Lindman. According to this law only $10 \%$ of the energy available at each trophic level, gets transferred to the next trophic level, the rest is lost in the environment as heat.
As we move to higher trophic levels, the energy available to organisms keeps on decreasing. Thus, the top carnivore gains the lesst energy in a food chain. Heat energy last during Respiration.
$$ \text { 10% energy flow low showing transfer of energy from one trophic level to others } $$